Lodovico di Varthema, explorer and travel writer, ca. 1470-1517
The Italian explorer was the first Christian to visit the holy sites of Islam and leave a written account of his journey. In the guise of a Muslim, he travelled to Mekka and Medina in the early 16th century, visiting the grave of Muhammad and participating in the pilgrims' rituals. Necessitated to flee, he escaped via Persia to India. Varthema's account became a bestseller as soon as it appeared in 1510 and went through about twenty editions in various languages in the next fifty years. It provided many Europeans with their first glimpse of Islamic culture and of non-European cultures in general.

![The Navigation and v[o]yages of Lewes Vertomannus, Gentelman of the citie of Rome, to the regions of Arabia, Egypte, Persia, Syria, Ethiopia, and East India, both within and without the ryver of Ganges, etc. In the yeere of our Lorde 1503. Conteynyng many notable and straunge thinges, both hystoricall and naturall. Translated out of Latine into Engylshe, by Richarde Eden).](https://inlibris.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/img-bn51040-324x324.jpg)
![Die Ritterlich und lobwürdig reiß [...] Sagend von den landen, Egypto, Syria, von beiden Arabia Persia, India und Ethiopia, von den gestalten, sitten, und dero menschen leben und glauben.](https://inlibris.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/img-bn33502-324x324.jpg)
![Die Ritterlich und lobwürdig reiß [...] Sagend von den landen, Egypto, Syria, von beiden Arabia Persia, India und Ethiopia, von den gestalten, sitten, und dero menschen leben und glauben.](https://inlibris.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/img-bn44556-324x324.jpg)
![Die Ritterliche unnd Lobwirdige Reyß [...] sagend von den Landen Egypto, Syria, von beiden Arabia, Persia, India, und Ethiopia, von deren gstalt, sitten, Leben, Pollicey, Glauben unnd Ceremonien [...].](https://inlibris.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/img-bn38462-324x324.jpg)

![Hodaeporicon Indiae Orientalis; Das ist: Warhafftige Beschreibung der ansehnlich lobwürdigen Reyß, welche der edel, gestreng und weiterfahrne Ritter, H. Ludwig di Barthema von Bononien aus Italia bürtig, in die Orientalische und Morgenländer, Syrien, beide Arabien, Persien und Indien, auch in Egypten und Ethyopien, zu Land und Wasser persönlich verrichtet [...].](https://inlibris.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/img-bn45427-324x324.jpg)
![The Navigation and v[o]yages of Lewes Vertomannus, Gentelman of the citie of Rome, to the regions of Arabia, Egypte, Persia, Syria, Ethiopia, and East India, both within and without the ryver of Ganges, etc. In the yeere of our Lorde 1503. Conteynyng many notable and straunge thinges, both hystoricall and naturall. Translated out of Latine into Engylshe, by Richarde Eden).](https://inlibris.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/img-bn44757-324x324.jpg)

![The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508 [...].](https://inlibris.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/img-bn57229-324x324.jpg)